Talking about design cost from engineering cost

The construction cost control of the project should run through the whole process of project construction. It is the total cost of construction products and a comprehensive indicator reflecting the economic and social benefits of construction products. At different stages, the focus and effects of cost control work are completely different. The process of the entire project is generally divided into investment decision, design, construction (including bidding), completion of final accounts and other stages. According to statistics, the impact of the work at each stage on the cost of the entire project is: 75% to 95% of the investment reward and punishment stage; 35% to 75% of the design stage; 5% to 35% of the construction stage; 0 to 5% of the final settlement stage. Obviously, the focus of project cost control should be in the investment decision-making and design stage before the project is implemented. When the project investment decision is determined, the cost control in the design stage becomes very important, and this stage is precisely controlled by the current developers. The weakest link. The difficulty lies in that in addition to the relevant design specifications formulated by the government departments, there are no clear control methods and no evaluation criteria for the owners in terms of program optimization, material selection, investment effects, construction risks and construction costs.
I. Analysis of the status quo of cost control in the engineering design stage
(1) Thoughts and understanding are not uniform. The designer believes that it is only necessary to carry out the design drawing according to the relevant requirements of the design task book. As for the project cost management problem, it is an economic and technical personnel matter; and the budgetary staff also believes that, as usual, as long as the design drawings are completed, according to the drawings It is sufficient to prepare a design budget with the relevant quota documents and fee collection standards. Another understanding is that a designer has already carried out the necessary program comparison in the design process, and the design cost is already reasonable. There is no need to engage in the engineering cost management in the design stage.
(2) The rules and regulations are not perfect. Economic and technical personnel and designers can't work closely together, do different things, lack the necessary work coordination, and fail to take corresponding measures to exceed the standard. The responsibility, power and profit are not clear, and the project construction management enthusiasm in the design stage is not high.
(3) The quality of personnel is not strong. The technical level and working ability of engineering and technical personnel in China are no different from those of foreign engineering and technical personnel, but they lack economic concepts, involve conservative ideas, and are not strong in innovation. Most of the budgetary staff will only prepare the budget according to the quota of the drawings. Little is known about the relevant professional technology involved in the project, or they do not understand at all. Such budgetary staff cannot make progress in the process of design cost control. Designers provide important and acceptable advice.
（4）设计招标不尽全面。只注重了方案设计阶段的招标，忽略了技术设计阶段和施工图设计阶段的招标工作。一旦方案中标，技术设计和施工图设计就成为方案中标单位一揽子工程，由于在后面的设计中缺少竞争机制，设计单位没有压力，控制造价的积极性就不会很高。
为此，设计过程要有效的控制工程造价，必须对现有的控制措施和方法即以完善和创新。
二、 工程设计阶段造价控制的措施
（1） 完善工程设计阶段的招标工作

招投标制度作为市场经济下一种重要采购及竞争手段，已被人们所接受并采用。工程设计采用招投标制将会促使设计人员增强风险意识、提高设计水平和经济核算质量从而达到优化设计的目的。工程设计分方案设计、技术设计和施工图设计三个阶段。为了有效避免设计阶段只注重方案招标，忽视技术设计和施工图设计阶段的招标对工程造价控制带来的问题，在设计招标工作中，不仅方案设计阶段通过招标完成，而且对技术设计和施工图设计也应引入竞争机制，使每个设计阶段均通过竞争完成已势在必行。这样，设计单位在每一个细节上如果不是精益求精的去完成，就有落选的可能。在设计阶段的评标定标中，有些建设单位只考虑哪家设计单位的设计费报价最低就选哪家设计单位中标。殊不知设计费只占整个工程投资的1%~2%，即使再提高也不会很多，而设计产品的好坏对工程投资的影响远比设计费大很多，有时可以达到投资的20%甚至30%，因此，定标的主要因素应放在设计构思的巧妙型、新颖性、工程设计方案技术的优劣、投资估算的经济性和合理性，设计进度计划、投标人的设计组织方案等方面来进行综合评价。通过技术比较、经济分析和效果评价，力求选择在技术先进条件下经济合理，在经济合理条件下确保技术先进，在满足实用功能前提下注意造型别致美观，以最少的投入创造最大经济效益的设计投标单位为中标单位。
（2）加强限额设计及其动态管理

设计阶段的投资控制，说到底就是编制出既满足设计任务书要求，造价又受控于决策投资的设计文件。限额设计就是根据这一点要求提出来的，所谓限额设计就是按照设计任务书批准的投资估算额进行初步设计，按照初步设计概算造价限额进行施工图设计，按施工图预算造价对施工图设计的各个专业设计文件做出决策。所以限额设计实际上是建设项目投资控制系统中的一个重要环节，或成为一项关键措施。为适应开展限额设计的要求，使投资估算、设计概算真正起到控制投资的作用，首先必须维护投资估算的严肃性，设计部门要坚持正确的设计指导思想，编制投资估算时要尊重科学、实事求是，树立全局观念，反对高估冒算和低估冒算等不切实际的做法。其次要彻底扭转设计概算本身的失控现象。在设计单位内部，要使设计与概算形成有机的整体，避免相互脱节，严格执行国家有关概算的编制规定和费用标准，防止漏项少算，为下一步的施工图设计提供依据，以保证限额设计工作的顺利开展。
（3）增强标准设计意识

工程建设标准设计，来源于工程建设的实践经验和科研成果，是工程建设必须遵循的科学依据。标准设计一经颁发，建设单位和设计单位要因地制宜积极采用，无特殊理由的一般不得另行设计。且在采用标准设计中，除了为适应施工现场的具体条件而对施工图进行某些局部改动外，均不得擅自修改原设计。
（4）加强设计变更的管理工作

设计单位认真做好图纸审查工作，可以减少图纸中的错、漏现象，使设计阶段的施工图预算更为准确。图纸本身不完善或使设计深度不够，将导致在施工阶段的设计变更增加，从而导致投资的增加。对于业主而言，要防止此现象发生，让设计单位提高设计深度，完善设计图纸，应注意：①在设计阶段确定建筑的最终方案，避免在施工阶段提出更改；②给设计单位充足的设计时间，加强设计的前期准备工作，如勘察、钻探等，设计时间过短，将导致设计深度不够，土质不完善；③选择合适的设计单位，合理的设计费用，设计费用过低，设计人员的积极性不大，土质质量较难保证；④对由于设计单位的原因造成的设计变更而产生的投资失控，明确其应承担的责任。
设计阶段工程造价的控制管理在我国尚处于刚起步的阶段，相应的外界环境还不太成熟，存在着诸多的缺陷与不足。希望能够提高人们对设计阶段造价控制重要性的认识，并从中掌握有效控制的手段，使设计阶段的工程造价得到较为合理的控制。（装饰三分公司 刘菊）